Constructed Wetlands Using Treated Membrane Concentrate for Coastal Wetland Restoration and the Renewal of Multiple Ecosystem Services

The management of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) poses a challenge to utilities as it requires expensive disposal methods and advanced treatment in order comply with regulations. This paper presents studies natural approaches, such constructed wetlands (CWs), that have been tailored treat ROC. Conceptually, testing planning, these could meet regulatory criteria before discharging the surface water achieving multiple benefits. Lessons learned from pilot wetland ROC point potential benefits designing full-scale for management. Studies illustrated ability CWs reduce concentrations metals simultaneously remove nutrients state standards aquatic wildlife designated uses. Nutrient removal processes include denitrification nitrogen (possibly supplemented Annamox reduction NO3-N), labile carbon assimilation supporting oxidized reduction, phosphate-P uptake precipitation. Because evaporative loss, mass efficiencies were greater than concentration reductions. illustrate how engineered help produced reclaimed through reductions volume evapotranspiration. associated creation habitats coastal restoration result renewal ecosystem services.